{"id":174024,"date":"2019-08-17T23:26:50","date_gmt":"2019-08-17T20:26:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.moksop.org\/?p=174024"},"modified":"2021-04-15T10:49:44","modified_gmt":"2021-04-15T07:49:44","slug":"roman-pyatkovka-a-field-study-of-communal-body","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/moksop.org\/en\/roman-pyatkovka-a-field-study-of-communal-body\/","title":{"rendered":"Roman Pyatkovka: A Field Study of \u201cCommunal\u201d body"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Roman Pyatkovka, from Bath<\/em> series, 1985, gelatin silver print. MOKSOP’s collection.<\/p>\n

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In the introduction to the book The Museological Unconscious: Communal (Post) Modernism in Russia, Victor Tupitsyn notes that, when reviewing the history of any sort of \u201calternative\u201d, researchers usually start with the description of the phenomenon that gave an impulse to its formation (tradition\/avant-garde dichotomy, for instance) [1] .<\/p>\n

The author puts in question the relevance of the analysis of these notions solely as oppositions, since both of them, as a rule, have a common audience. In the case of the Soviet official and non-official art, in Tupitsyn\u2019s opinion, the common audience is communal perception. Indeed, typical Soviet communal dwelling was one of the instruments of the government for implementing its policy of depersonalization. On the other hand, various forms of existence of non-official culture (jokes, samizdat \/ self-published books, etc.) transformed into legendary \u201ckitchen talk\u201d\u2019. And it was the communal reality that became the base for such artistic phenomenon as Moscow Conceptualism. Communal discourse also updated the question of physicality and its functioning, as well as the interrelation of the social and the individual within it. The structure of personal space got into the field of attention of Kharkiv photographers in the 1970s-1980s, including work of Roman Pyatkovka (b. 1955).<\/p>\n

Roman began his creative activity in the mid-late 1980s, though his entering the world of photography started earlier, and it wasn\u2019t a one-step process. Roman studied at Electric Power Engineering Faculty of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute.\u00a0 The prospect of working in that sphere didn\u2019t really attract the young man. So he took a course in production for lighting designers in the Karpenko-Karyi Kyiv State Institute of Theatrical Arts (today known as Kyiv National I. K. Karpenko-Kary Theatre, Cinema and Television University). After completing the course he became the leading lighting designer in the Young Spectator\u2019s Theatre in Kharkiv. Apart from such a radical change of profession which, in its turn, changed the environment the artist lived in, Pyatkovka couldn\u2019t but make friends with the people belonging to the art scene of Kharkiv who regularly gathered in \u201cIn Garshina\u201d and \u201cBuchenwald\u201d cafes. There he met such already famous artists as Boris Mikhailov and Oleg Maliovany. Under their influence, yet not leaving the job in the theatre, Roman took his first steps in photography. Later, he fully committed himself to this sphere by becoming a laboratory assistant at art combine.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172846,172848,172850″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Roman Pyatkovka, 1981, gelatin silver print. MOKSOP\u2019s collection.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″]<\/p>\n

Both Mikhailov and Maliovany played a very significant role in the formation of the young artist. Just like in most cases with other members of Kharkiv School of Photography, informal discussions co-called \u201cshowing\u201d the pictures to each other, were one of the crucial catalysts of creative experiments. Maliovany as one of the most technically aware photographers in Kharkiv at that time (especially when it came to using colour), shared his experience in working with materials. Interaction with Mikhailov formed concept-oriented approach to creative work in general. The importance of the latter makes itself felt in the way Pyatkovka continuously declares that the \u201cpicture\u201d doesn\u2019t interest him since he always thinks in projects.<\/p>\n

Still, a great number of his early works from the beginning and the middle of the 1980s weren\u2019t intended as series, but acquired a form of \u201ccinematographic\u201d documentation of a sequence of events (although nothing is said in them about \u201cevents\u201d as a certain outstanding moment in the development of the situation). At the same time, they already had certain topics outlined in them, which the author would work with in the following decades. One of those topics was that of private space. Boris Mikhailov was one of the first ones to address it at his time in his Private Series at the end of the 1960s. The series was partly made at home. In the 1980s Roman also took black-and-white nude photographs against the background of Soviet communal kitchens and the apartment the author had moved in with his first wife. The naked body that will later become the keynote of the photographer\u2019s legacy here isn\u2019t yet perceived as an exponent of a certain idea. It remains a body \u2013 sensual and full of life. The author refused idealisation and refinement of body shape, leaving all of his models\u2019 \u201cflaws\u201d like cellulite lumps, little breasts and fat rolls as they are. The protagonists of his photographs were usually people from the author\u2019s immediate circle (and sometimes the author himself). Thus, camera couldn\u2019t perform the function of an unbiased observer, documenting personal relation to the people and the objects in the frame. This connection with personal space is expressed in how tactile each of the photos is: the author savours the gestures, touches, the details of the interiors and clothes (porcelain ware, carpets, wallpapers, lace stockings or slippers in the foreground of the photo).<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172858,172856,172854″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”]Roman Pyatkovka, from Bath<\/em> series, 1985, gelatin-silver print. MOKSOP’s collection.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″]<\/p>\n

The most intimate are vertical and horizontal scenes in the bathroom and in bed, taken with a panoramic camera in 1985. That format, framing and fragmented composition create \u201cpeeking\u201d effect. The photographer\u2019s refusal of privilege to stay \u201cunseen\u201d, as well as the presence of personal view is almost physically felt in each of Pyatkovka\u2019s photographs, forming their prominently expressed masculine nature, which is typical of Kharkiv School of Photography in general. This regards not only and not so much masculinity as a gender characteristic, although Kharkiv photography scene was a male-dominated environment, but rather the way of perceiving the surrounding world. Masculinity, in this case, should be understood as an ambition to dominate or to have power over an object, whether it is the object in the frame or the photograph itself as a physical object [2]. From this point of view, the deep interest of Kharkiv photographers in manipulations with and deconstruction of a photographic image is non-accidental.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172868,172860,172862,172864,172866″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n

Roman Pyatkovka, from A Candle<\/em> series, 1985, gelatin-silver print. MOKSOP\u2019s collection.<\/p>\n

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In Roman\u2019s early works, certain \u201cdullness\u201d of reality was present: the models were expressly isolated from the outer reality and merged with their communal cocoon, seen as the only refuge free from the control of the system. The photographs weren\u2019t representing the historical situation and didn\u2019t appear as a result of its analysis, but were the immediate constituent of everyday life. As Elena Petrovskaya has aptly characterised that notion, \u201cEveryday life means dulled sensation. There are no shocks or painful blows from the surrounding world, even if the latter still delivers them. Everyday life is absent-mindedness.\u201d [3]. Intimate and quiet prints mentioned above didn\u2019t have the provoking tone common for Roman\u2019s series from the end of the 1980s. Even in the most explicit photographs the emphasized na\u00efvety preserves the wholeness of the characters which doesn\u2019t let the view \u201cprepare\u201d the images (a pornography method of replacing individual erotic sensuality of a person with an intensive flow of impulses, stimulating with their hyperrealism).<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172872,172874,172876,172878″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Roman Pyatkovka, 1982, gelatin-silver print. MOKSOP\u2019s collection.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″]<\/p>\n

It is worth pointing out that along with direct photography, among the first photos, there are experimental collage works. The appearance of this technique in the creative arsenal of the artist was a sort of tribute to its popularity among the representatives of Kharkiv School of Photography. Still, collage didn\u2019t become a tool that would answer the requirements of Pyatkovka\u2019s creative view. For Roman himself, the starting point of his creative work was the series made in another \u201csignature\u201d technique for Kharkiv School of Photography, which is superimposition (overlapping of two slides). This regards Internal Anxiety<\/em> (the beginning of the 1980s) and Sandwiches of Memory<\/em> (1983). In both cases (especially in the first project) the influence of Mikhailov and Maliovany is noticeable. It is revealed in the colouristic choices in the images.<\/p>\n

While Mikhailov and Maliovany used their own slides for the \u201csandwiches\u201d, Pyatkovka worked with borrowed photos. In Sandwiches of Memory, the author used art reproductions and the FED factory archive as a base, combining them with the photos he took himself. Appropriation became an important method for the photographer, and he later uses it in Vegetable Store series (1990), where luriki are combined with close-ups of fruits and vegetables. Sometimes video became the source of the \u201cpictures\u201d: in Uniformity of Diversity series<\/em> (1992) one of the panels was composed of porn film stills with the faces of orgasming women in them. Among later appropriation-based works that can be pointed out, there\u2019s Sovetskoe Foto<\/em> (2013), a nude series combined with pages of Sovetskoe Foto, the official publication of the USSR Union of Photographers, which most of the Soviet artists dreamt of being published in. Getting back to superimpositions from the beginning of the 1980s, let\u2019s point out that being overloaded was their typical feature. The compositional density created at the intersection of various visual and informative flows gives it a surrealistic after-taste which can be considered as a conscious decision since the artist admits the interest that Salvador Dal\u00ed evoked in him and in his colleagues at that time.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172886,174011,174009,172888,172884,172890,172892″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”]Roman Pyatkovka, from Sandwiches of Memory<\/em> series, 1983. Images courtesy of the author.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ locked=”off”]<\/p>\n

The middle of the 1980s was marked with the emergence of new tendencies in Pyatkovka\u2019s creative work. Thinking in separate \u201cpictures\u201d was finally replaced with gravitating to conceptual series in which more aggressive work with the topic of physicality came to the forefront. In the works of the older generation of Kharkiv School of Photography before the 1980s, nude photography didn\u2019t cross the line of erotica in salon interpretation of this notion. In the collages by Rupin and Maliovany the nakedness used to be a \u201creason\u201d for experiments with plastics. According to the words of Oleg Maliovany, \u201cIn fact, there wasn\u2019t even erotica there. In our group\u2019s\u00a0 photographs sensuality as a desire to possess a woman (the Vremia group \u2013 ed. note) was absent.\u201d [4]. The works that can be called the exception from this formalist tendency are the works by Mikhailov, who brought the explicitness of his frames to anti-erotism, and Violin<\/em> (1971) by Yevgeny Pavlov. The second generation (Pyatkovka, Solonskiy and Bratkov) developed a more radical interpretation of physicality. It became obvious in Roman\u2019s Bitch Love<\/em> series (1985) about homosexual love between two women and in Wrong Picture<\/em> (1986) performed in superimposition technique and dedicated to the development of child sexuality and its formation in the conditions of a general taboo on this topic.<\/p>\n

A notable change in the intonation of the photographer\u2019s works coincided with the transformation of the art situation in the last years of the Soviet Union. That was, first of all, liberalization of life, even though that was a very gradual process, and distinct \u201cthaw\u201d in the sphere of the external policy. Foreign specialists that ever since the 1970s had been showing interest to what was happening behind the \u201cIron Curtain\u201d now had more opportunities for communication and organization of exhibitions of the Soviet non-official art and publishing of their works in foreign journals [5] . As a matter of fact, Pyatkovka started being exhibited in Kharkiv and abroad almost at the same time. The first exhibition in his hometown was F-87, organized by Misha Pedan in the Palace of Students of Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute. And just in a year, in 1988 his works were shown in Galerie 4 in Prague at the Aktualita SSSR exhibition. In 1989, at the invitation of Polish curator Daniela Mr\u00e1zkov\u00e1, Roman took part in the first foreign project, 150 Years of Photography, held in Prague. His New Hero<\/em> series (1986), photos of punks with the lyrics of punk songs from that time, was included in the exposition of this project. At about the same time a photographer from Moscow, Igor Mukhin, created his photo series featuring members of nonconformist youth subculture. Still, Mukhin took a lot of photos at concerts, flat parties or in the streets, while Roman Pyatkovka limited himself to close private space. The existence of such a countercultural movement that refused any kind of ideology and authority of the ruling establishment in a totalitarian state undoubtedly intrigued the West. The photographer started actively exhibiting his works at foreign venues. Getting familiar with the international context and the new demands that it formed, encouraged the artist to distance himself from the surrounding local situation. His fusion with\u00a0\u00a0 it was replaced with the view from the outside and self-reflection. It is revealing that in his works this distancing was veiled with the illusion of maximum intimacy with models and the ambition to remove all kinds of barriers and taboos.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172900,172902,172896,172898″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n

Roman Pyatkovka, Golodomor. Phantoms of the\u00a0 ’30s<\/em>, 1988, gelatin silver print. MOKSOP\u2019s collection.<\/p>\n

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One of the forms of self-reflection which naturally continued the appropriation method was systematic work with archives, both his own and other people\u2019s. Using them let the author simultaneously knock together a number of semantic layers: personal, historic and artistic. In the first place in this context, it is important to mention Golodomor. Phantoms of the \u201830s<\/em> (1988), created under the impression from a samizdat essay with the evidence of the genocide that had happened in 1932-1933. It was published by an elderly dissident living not far from the photographer. The series unites stylized portraits of the victims of the government-induced famine. The portraits were made from the\u00a0 frames used for luriki, but instead of colouring the film, the author scratched it and added details to the characters which gave the monochrome images other-worldliness and disturbing mood. Two of the works were staged and shot specially for the project. The artist considered this intrusion into the \u2018authenticity\u2019 of the archive totally legit since in that case photography served only as a semi-product which an artistic myth was crystalized from. Mythologization and juxtaposition of stories around Pyatkovka\u2019s works are important for a deeper understanding of the material. That was why the author made up a unique story for every character of the series, which helped to de-anonymize them. Another aspect that contributed to it was that most of the pieces were made of group photos, and the artist deliberately leaves the details (for example, a part of a shoulder), that would remind the viewer of the presence of other people there. The factor that makes Phantoms stand separately from the general direction of the creative work of the author himself, as well as from that of his colleagues is appealing to the national topic. Basically Kharkiv School of Photography treats the problem of national identity with total indifference in the Soviet period. This detail is especially noticeable in the contrast with the rest of the Ukranian non-official art formations in Kyiv, Lviv and Zakarpattia.<\/p>\n

The moving force of Phantoms is balancing between individuation which manifests personality in mass society and emphasis on typical traits. The same approach can be noticed in I Come from Childhood<\/em> (1991): photos from a holiday trip to Simferopol in 1964 occasionally found in the family archive were used for a series of luriki-styled coloured \u201cpicture\u201d\u2019. In these photos there\u2019s also that split between the unique (the heroes and the situation directly connected with the author) and the typical (posing in front of monuments \u2013 frames like that can be found in most of family photo archives). According to Pierre Bourdieu, vernacular photography turns into a social marker, so a person being photographed is posing in the surrounding that\u2019s chosen, first of all, for its symbolic value (though it can by chance have aesthetic value as well) [6]. Pyatkovka took up that \u201cI was here\u201d clich\u00e9 gesture and brought its kitsch nature to the maximum with the help of colouring which mimicked mass aesthetic preferences. A significant aspect for analysing the series is also the fact that it was closely connected with the pages of the author\u2019s life itself since working with personal archive would later become a regular practice for him.<\/p>\n

A similar principle of the use of colouring as a visualization strategy can also be seen in Holidays<\/em> project (1986-1989), consisting of coloured direct shots from public events. Artificially intensified palette through irony reveals the rhythmics of the \u201ccollective body\u201d and the absurdity of the environment in which it exists. However, without any doubt, it would be a mistake to link the colouring method solely to playing with the phenomenon of kitsch. Maternity Hospital<\/em> series (1987) initially was intended as a documental one, but Pyatkovka felt that \u201cclean\u201d shots wouldn\u2019t be able to show the fear and helplessness of the women that he saw in the maternity department at the time of the photoshoot. It was only adding colours that helped achieve the necessary level of tension. Again, intrusion into the field of the shot can be perceived as an allegory of violence \u2013 in this context both social and physical.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172904,172906,172908,172910,172912,172914″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”]Roman Pyatkovka, Bitch-Love<\/em>, 1985, gelatin silver print. Images courtesy of the author.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ locked=”off”]<\/p>\n

The role of various manipulations with photographic material was gradually enforced in Roman\u2019s works at the end of the 1980s. That wasn\u2019t complete dominance over the media, but rather a theatrical approach in which a director (photographer) does all the preliminary work for implementing the idea, but leaves a certain performative space for the models to improvise. In her essay Tatiana Pavlova highlights this peculiarity, saying that staged photography for the author was encouraging a person to play a role in front of the camera [7].<\/p>\n

Adultery<\/em> series (1988) was shot with a wide-angle lens with long exposure in a dim space, lightened with a flash. Due to that static objects remained sharp, while moving ones turned out blurred. That blur in combination with post-processing (hand-colouring among other things) expressively demonstrates the author\u2019s narrative about a love triangle between \u201chim, \u201cher\u201d and \u201ca mistress\u201d.<\/p>\n

The diversity of techniques, typical of Kharkiv School of Photography, to a certain extent, compensates the eternal complex of photography in relation to other art forms because of its printed nature. The photos from Games of Libido<\/em> series (1989-1995) were made in the technique that gave a single copy since the negatives were basically destroyed in the process of printing the photos. The traces of erosion on the material and the ruthless violation of its integrity are in tune with the BDSM motives present in the project, which cross another line. The orgasticity of the compositions is in absolute dissonance with the idea of \u201cobedient bodies\u201d, the formation of which, according to Daniela Vukas, was one of the goals of the Soviet communal project [8]. The realization of this project had totally opposite result that turned communal apartments into spaces in which, as Vukas cites her Russian colleague, Olga Bezzubova, \u201csocial relationships, body practices and behavioural models excluded from the normal order of everyday life\u201d were possible.\u201d [9] It was that deviation that Pyatkovka was interested in. Witches\u2019 Sabbath<\/em> series (1988) shot together with Boris Mikhailov, was built on deliberate non-normativity of the characters\u2019 behaviour. This series consists of nude pictures in the interior of a typical Soviet apartment the standardization and soullessness of which is well-defined against the ecstatic freedom of physical self-expression of jumping, laughing and posing models. The continuation of this line, dedicated to the ban on sensuality in public space and the fact that sensuality was encapsulated in private sphere, was Communal Apartment series (1991) with its coloured and \u201cclean\u201d staged nude photos in ironic mundane everyday scenes.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”172916,172918,173673,173675″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”30px||||false|false” locked=”off”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_font_size=”14px” text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”20px||30px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off”]Roman Pyatkovka, Witches\u2019 Sabbath, 1988, gelatin silver print. MOKSOP\u2019s collection.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ locked=”off”]<\/p>\n

Some of the series, such as <\/span>Games of the Naked<\/span><\/i> (1988) or <\/span>Sovetskoe Foto<\/span><\/i> (2013) and <\/span>Agitation Poster<\/span><\/i> (2013) even more obviously unfold the conflict between the ideology-driven and controlled Soviet environment and the expression of sexuality. In all the three projects the author used the principle of superimposition. However, in the first case, the sandwich effect was achieved with the help of projection of the photos taken at a demonstration in Dzerzhinsky Square (now Freedom Square) in Kharkiv on naked bodies. Two other series were created in the technique of classic superimposition or technical combination of images. The photos had been taken by Roman and borrowed from the covers and pages of <\/span>Sovetskoe Foto<\/span><\/i> magazine or social posters.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the fact that almost three decades have passed since the collapse of the USSR, dialogue with the Soviet past, according to the author, still remains inexhaustible and valid even today. Besides that, this topic becomes a base for consistent use of an established set of Kharkiv School of Photography\u2019s aesthetic techniques, including conceptual instruments like the combination of a \u201cpicture\u201d and a text. The idea of getting a hybrid wholeness via the synthesis of visual and textual narrative came to Kharkiv through Boris Mikhailov and a number of his series (<\/span>Horizontal Pictures, Vertical Calendars<\/span><\/i>, 1982, <\/span>Viscosity<\/span><\/i>, 1982, <\/span>Unfinished Dissertation<\/span><\/i>, 1984-1985). Pyatkovka adapts the format of photo-samizdat in <\/span>You Wait<\/span><\/i> book (1989), where explicit photos are combined with pages from a handbook for the pregnant. In order to understand the place of such a technique in the general Soviet context, it is important to remember an article \u201cConceptual Photography\u201d by Valeriy Stigneev, which appeared on the pages of <\/span>Sovetskoe Foto <\/span><\/i>magazine the same year, in 1989. Written in naive, optimistic and sententious style, so typical of the articles published in that magazine, the article explains (also by the example of Boris Mikhailov) the principles of the interplay of image and text, which weren\u2019t clear to an average viewer, raised on salon photography standards<\/span>\u00a0[10]<\/span><\/span>. Right next to the article there is a negative review about it by Grigoriy Organov, who is speaking of the lameness of both conceptual photography as a notion and visual imagery, because, \u201cin order to be called a photography artwork, a work must carry in itself, in its meaning and form, something artistic and inspiring<\/span>.\u201d [11]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s why even by the end of \u201cperestroika\u201d the Soviet photography scene hadn\u2019t yet completely accepted the possibility and the rightfulness of conceptualist position. But in Kharkiv photography context it became one of the key pillars.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pyatkovka continued to work with text as a significant component of his series in the 1990s and 2010s. However, the understanding of text in them is diverse, including even graphic elements. For example, in <\/span>War Maps of Love<\/span><\/i> (1993) and <\/span>Schemes <\/span><\/i>(1998), there are dotted lines, arrows and other signs drawn over photographs of a naked body. In <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Russian-English Phrasebook<\/span><\/i> series (1997), as well as in <\/span>Weather Forecast<\/span><\/i> (2018) and <\/span>There Is No Sex in the USSR!<\/span><\/i> (2018) books the images are accompanied with clear text, either as a comment (like in <\/span>Weather Forecast<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>There Is No Sex in the USSR!<\/span><\/i>) or as a part of a composition (a list of clich\u00e9 questions inscribed right on the models\u2019 bodies in <\/span>Russian-English Phrasebook<\/span><\/i>). In the latter case, the communicative dynamics of the works look similar to superimposition: this combination of two absolutely autonomous messages brings forth the third semantic layer.<\/span><\/p>\n

After working as a commercial photographer from the end of the 1990s until the end of the 2000s, Pyatkovka brought the elements of that experience into his further work. In his series from the end of the 2000s, one can hear the echo of glamour aesthetics (<\/span>Dating Website<\/span><\/i>, 2012, <\/span>Dormitory Fashion Story<\/span><\/i>, 2013) which is being synthesized with the methods mentioned above, such as appropriation, \u201csandwiches\u201d and so on. Making a substantial contribution as a teacher into supporting photography in his home town and in Ukraine in general, the author has been involved in creative activity for more than four decades already. All that time his approach remains pretty homogeneous from both narrative and formal points of view, which makes it possible to mention his series from different years in the same line. Roman Pyatkovka follows the fundamental principles of Kharkiv School of Photography, such as working with mundanity and using a wide range of manipulations with photographs, and consistently explores the topic of intimacy as a complex synthesis of private and public.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”30px||||false|false” border_width_top=”1px” border_color_top=”#d8d8d8″ border_color_bottom=”#d8d8d8″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.4.3″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_css_main_element=”margin: auto;” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.4.3″ ol_font_size=”15px” ol_line_height=”1.6em” locked=”off”]<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0422\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d, \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442)\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/em> [Communal (post)modernism]. Moscow: Ad Marginem, 1998, 9.<\/li>\n
  2. Susan Sontag argues photography is a manifestation of the position of power in general\u0457: \u201cPhotographs really are experience captured, and the camera is the ideal arm of consciousness in its acquisitive mood. To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting oneself into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge \u2014 and, therefore, like power\u201d ( Sontag, Susan. \u201cIn Plato\u2019s Cave\u201d. On Photography<\/em>. London: Penguin Books, 2008, 4).<\/li>\n
  3. \u201c\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u201d (\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u201c\u041d\u0430 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439\u201d [Against routine]. \u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b<\/em>, no. 17 (1997). http:\/\/moscowartmagazine.com\/issue\/52\/article\/1039).<\/li>\n
  4. \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043a, \u0410\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u201c\u0425\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438: \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0439\u201d [Kharkiv School of Photography: Oleg Malevaniy]. ArtUkraine<\/em>, 2016. http:\/\/artukraine.com.ua\/a\/kharkovskaya-shkola-fotografii\u2013oleg-malyovanyy\/#.XS4Z4HtS94E.<\/li>\n
  5. We are taling about Another Russia<\/em> by Daniela Mrazkova (1989), “Up from Underground, Aperture<\/em> issue, dedicated to Soviet \u201cperestroika\u201d (\u201cPhotostroika: New Soviet Photography\u201d, 1989), Toisinnakijat\/Seeing Different<\/em> by Taneli Escola and Hannu Eerikainen (1988)<\/li>\n
  6. \u201c\u2026 becomes a sort of ideogram or allegory, as individual and circumstantial traits take second place. The person photographed is placed in a setting which is primarily chosen for its high symbolic yield (although it can also and incidentally have an intrinsic aesthetic value) and which is treated as a sign\u201d (Bourdieu, Pierre. Photography: A Middle-brow Art<\/em>. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996, 36).<\/li>\n
  7. Pavlova, Tatiana. \u201cAvanguard red and green. From \u2018Blow theory\u2019 to \u2018Kontact\u2019 \u201d. VASA Journal on Images and Culture<\/em>. http:\/\/www.vasa-project.com\/gallery\/ukraine-2\/tatiana-2-essay.php\/.<\/li>\n
  8. \u0412\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0441, \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447. \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f\u201d. [Communal appartment as heterotopia] \u0413\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438: \u043c\u0438\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439<\/em>. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 2015 198-210.<\/li>\n
  9. Ibid., 205.<\/li>\n
  10. About Boris Mikhailov\u2019s \u201c\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\u201d: \u201c\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438. \u0421 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u201c\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438\u201d, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u0445, \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u201d [That wasn\u2019t an accident that the author selected the very those shots. With sincerity and naive simplicity, typical of \u201cfamily photohraphy\u201d, they tell about people, about the world-old topic of love and solitude] (\u0421\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439. \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201d [Conceptual Photography]. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e<\/em>, no. 9 (1989), 30).<\/li>\n
  11. \u201c\u2026 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435\u201d (\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439. \u201c \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f?\u201d: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u201d [\u201cConceptual photography?\u201d: An Occasion for Reflection]. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e<\/em>, no. 9 (1989), 33).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    In Roman\u2019s early works, certain \u201cdullness\u201d of reality was present: the models were expressly isolated from the outer reality and merged with their communal cocoon, seen as the only refuge free from the control of the system<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":174196,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"

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    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172845,172847,172849\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\"]<\/p>

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    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\"]<\/p>

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\u0440\u0440. \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0447\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u044e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0456 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0456, \u043a\u0443\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0457\u0445\u0430\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0446\u044c \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0454\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043e\u044e. \u041e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u043e, \u044f\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0439\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0457: \u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0456\u043b\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0454\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0454\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c-\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u201c\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0438\u201d \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u2014 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u044f\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f (\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0446\u044c). \u0412\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u0444\u0456\u043a\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440. \u0426\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u201c\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u201d \u2014 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0432, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u2019\u0454\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u044f\u0433\u0443 (\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0438, \u0448\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0447\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0456).<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172857,172855,172853\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0412\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430<\/em>, 1985, \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f MOKSOP.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\"]<\/p>

    \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0454 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0456\u0436\u043a\u0443, \u0437\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0432 1985. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0457\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e, \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u201c\u043f\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u201d. \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u0435\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u201c\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043c\u201d \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0456\u0442 \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0457\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0454\u0444\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0449\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0425\u0428\u0424. \u0419\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044f\u043a \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443 (\u0445\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043a\u0438), \u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u041f\u0456\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c [2]<\/span> <\/span> \u2014 \u044f\u043a \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0456, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u0456 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0454\u044e \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0417 \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172867,172859,172861,172863,172865\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u201c\u0421\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0430\u201d, 1985, \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f MOKSOP.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\"]<\/p>

    \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u201c\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\u201d \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456: \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0456\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0448\u043d\u044c\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044f \u044f\u043a \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u2019\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0457\u0457 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0443, \u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044c\u043e\u044e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u042f\u043a \u0432\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0454 \u0446\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0404\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430, \u201c\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f. \u041d\u0456\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432, \u043d\u0456\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0456 \u0457\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0441\u0456\u044f\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\u201d [3]. \u0406\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0456, \u201c\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0456\u201d, \u0437\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f\u043c \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u0456\u043d\u0446\u044f 1980-\u0445 \u0440\u0440. \u041d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0457\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0457\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0454 \u0442\u0443 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0456\u0432, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0454 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u201c\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u201d\u00a0 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438 (\u0449\u043e \u0454 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0454\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0456\u043a \u0456\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0437\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0454\u044e \u0433\u0456\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e).<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172871,172873,172875,172877\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\"]<\/p>

    \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, 1982, \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f MOKSOP.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\"]<\/p>

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\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u201c\u0444\u0456\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0439\u201d \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0456 \u0425\u0428\u0424 \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044c (\u0441\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0456\u0432). \u0419\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0437\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0448\u043d\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0454\u043d\u043d\u044f (\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a 1980-\u0445 \u0440\u0440.) \u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u2019\u044f\u0442\u0456 (1983). \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456) \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0449\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c. \u042f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u201c\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432\u201d \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0454 \u0456\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u2019\u044f\u0442\u0456<\/em> \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0424\u0415\u0414, \u043f\u043e\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0457\u0445 \u0456\u0437 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447 \u0437\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0410\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u043f\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0454 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u041e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/em> (1990), \u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0456\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u201c\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438\u201d \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0456 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0432\u043e\u0447\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u201c\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u201d \u0456\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0454 \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0435\u043e: \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 (1992) \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443 \u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0447\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a. \u0417 \u043f\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0456\u0442, \u0449\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0420\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e (2012) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044e \u043d\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437 \u201c\u0420\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u201d, \u043e\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0421\u043f\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0440\u0456\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443 1980-\u0445 \u0440\u0440., \u0437\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e, \u0449\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0449\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0456\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432, \u0434\u0430\u0454 \u0441\u044e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043a, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0446\u0456\u043d\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0454 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0456 \u0432 \u043d\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172885,174010,174008,172887,172883,172889,172891\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"]\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u2019\u044f\u0442\u0456<\/em>, 1983. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 1980-\u0445 \u0440\u0440. \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438: \u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u201c\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u201d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0439, \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c 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\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0457 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 (\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u201c\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u201d \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c.) \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044f\u201d [4]. \u0412\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0437 \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0457\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438-\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u0442\u0430 \u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043a\u0443<\/em> (1971) \u0404\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0456\u044f \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f (\u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432) \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0412\u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0454 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u0443\u043a\u0430-\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432<\/em> (1985) \u0442\u0430 \u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/em> (1986). \u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/em> \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0457\u0457 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044e \u0432 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\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0457 \u201c4\u201d \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0456 \u201cAktualita SSSR\u201d. \u0412 1989 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0456\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456 \u2014 \u201c150 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457\u201d \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0456. \u0412 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 (1986) \u2013 \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044e 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    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172899,172901,172895,172897\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0424\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c 30-\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440<\/em>, 1988, \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f MOKSOP.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

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\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/em> (1991): \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0432\u0456 \u0437\u0439\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u0437 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456 \u0432 1964, \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u043b\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u201c\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u201d. \u0412 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f 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\u041f\u2019\u0454\u0440\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0434\u044c\u0454, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0440, \u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435 \u201c\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0443\u0454 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043b\u0456 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0449\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u0445\u043e\u0447\u0430 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\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u044f\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u044e\u0454 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u0412\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0454 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0457\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0437 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u044e.<\/p>

    \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0454 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0430<\/em> (1986-1989), \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432. \u0428\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0456\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0454 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0443 \u201c\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430\u201d \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e \u0456\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0454. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0456\u0442\u0447\u0443, \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e \u0431, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a<\/em> (1987) \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u044f\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430, \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0432 \u0449\u043e \u201c\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456\u201d \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0439\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u0445. \u0406 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0433\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438. \u0417\u043d\u043e\u0432-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u043a \u0430\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u2013 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u0456 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0456 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172903,172905,172907,172909,172911,172913\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0421\u0443\u043a\u0430-\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432<\/em>, 1985, \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f MOKSOP.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

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    \u0420\u0456\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0425\u0428\u0424, \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043c\u0456\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0454 \u043e\u0434\u0432\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0457\u0457 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0417\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0406\u0433\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u0456\u0431\u0456\u0434\u043e<\/em> (1989-1995) \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0432 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\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0443, \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0443 \u0411\u0435\u0437\u0437\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0443, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456 \u201c\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0437 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f\u201d [9]. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0446\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0446\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443: \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0428\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0448 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u044c\u043e\u043c<\/em> (1988), \u0437\u0439\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0437 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0457\u0432. \u0426\u0435 \u043d\u044e \u0432 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u2019\u0454\u0440\u0456 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u0447\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0456\u043d\u044f\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0449\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043b\u0456 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043c\u0456\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0457, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u0442\u0454\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456, \u0457\u0457 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 (1991) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0444\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u201c\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u201d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u044e \u0432 \u0456\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=\"172915,172917,173672,173674\" fullwidth=\"on\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"30px||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" text_font=\"|700|||||||\" text_font_size=\"14px\" text_line_height=\"1.8em\" text_orientation=\"center\" custom_margin=\"20px||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0412\u0456\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0448<\/em>, 1988, \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044f MOKSOP.<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    \u0414\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0439, \u044f\u043a \u0406\u0433\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0445<\/em> (1988) \u0447\u0438 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e<\/em> (2013) \u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0433\u0456\u0442\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442<\/em> (2013), \u0449\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0412 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044c. \u0429\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0444\u0456\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0456\u0432, \u0437\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0456 \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u2014 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438) \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456. \u0414\u0432\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u2013 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0439, \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e <\/em>\u0430\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0432.<\/p>

    \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044f \u043f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420, \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0439 \u0441\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0437 \u0446\u0438\u043c, \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432 \u0425\u0428\u0424, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u044e, \u044f\u043a \u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u201c\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u201d \u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443. \u0406\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u0456\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0439 (\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0456<\/em>, 1982, \u0412\u2019\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/em>, 1982, \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f<\/em>, 1984-1985). \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0454 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e-\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0456 \u0412\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0454\u0442\u0435 (1989), \u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456 \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0433\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445. \u0410\u0431\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u044e \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0456\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0454\u0432\u0430 \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f\u201d, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u2019\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u201c\u0420\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u201d \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 1989 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0449\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0457\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0454 (\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0456\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0456, \u0432\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u201c\u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0457\u201d \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 [10]. \u0419 \u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0436 \u043f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u0439\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0433\u0443\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0457 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044f\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0491\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u201c\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f\u201d, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443, \u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435 \u201c\u0430\u0431\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u0456\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0456, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0454\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0456, \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u0449\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0445\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0454\u201d [11]. \u0422\u043e\u0436, \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u201c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u201d \u0432\u0456\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457.\u00a0 \u0410\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445.<\/p>

    \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0439 \u0432 1990-\u0445 \u0442\u0430 2010-\u0445 \u0440\u0440. \u0429\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438: \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0443 \u0412\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/em> (1993) \u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0456<\/em> (1998) \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044e \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430\u00a0 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a (1997) \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u201c\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u201d (2018) \u0456 \u201c\u0412 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u201d (2018) \u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2014 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u044f\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440 (\u201c\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u201d, \u201c\u0412 \u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u201d), \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0436 \u044f\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457 (\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043b\u0456\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443). \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0456\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f: \u043f\u043e\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0456\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0440.<\/p>

    \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u0456\u043d\u0446\u044f 1990-\u0445 \u0456 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0456\u043d\u0446\u044f 2000-\u0445 \u0440\u0440. \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043c, \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u0456\u043d\u0446\u044f 2000-\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043b\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0443 (\u0421\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432<\/em>, 2012, Dormitory Fashion Story<\/em>, 2013), \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u2014 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f, \u201c\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u201d \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0456. \u0420\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0443 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0446\u0456\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0443 \u0434\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u0447\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044c\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0456 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0456 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0456 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432. \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0454 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u044f\u043a \u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0437 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0454\u044e, \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0454 \u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u044e \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"||||false|false\" custom_padding=\"30px||||false|false\" border_width_top=\"1px\" border_color_top=\"#d8d8d8\" border_color_bottom=\"#d8d8d8\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_css_main_element=\"margin: auto;\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" ol_font_size=\"15px\" ol_line_height=\"1.6em\" hover_enabled=\"0\" locked=\"off\"]<\/p>

    1. \u0422\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d, \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442)\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: Ad Marginem, 1998, 9.<\/p>

    2. \u0421\u044e\u0437\u0430\u043d C\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0433 \u0432 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044e \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0457, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457: \u201cPhotographs really are experience captured, and the camera is the ideal arm of consciousness in its acquisitive mood. To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting oneself into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge \u2014 and, therefore, like power\u201d [ \u201c\u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u2013 \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u0457\u0457 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0456. \u0426\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0430\u043a \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443\u201d ] ( Sontag, Susan. \u201cIn Plato\u2019s Cave\u201d. On Photography. London: Penguin Books, 2008, 4).<\/p>

    3. \u201c\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u201d (\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u201c\u041d\u0430 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439\u201d. \u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u2116 17 (1997). http:\/\/moscowartmagazine.com\/issue\/52\/article\/1039)<\/a>.<\/p>

    4. \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043a, \u0410\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u201c\u0425\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438: \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u0439\u201d. ArtUkraine, 2016. http:\/\/artukraine.com.ua\/a\/kharkovskaya-shkola-fotografii\u2013oleg-malyovanyy\/#.XS4Z4HtS94E<\/a>.<\/p>

    5. \u0419\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e Another Russia \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 (1989), Up from Underground, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 Aperture, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u201c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0456\u201d (\u201cPhotostroika: New Soviet Photography\u201d, 1989), Toisinnakijat\/Seeing Different \u0422\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0456 \u0415\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u0415\u0440\u0456\u043a\u2019\u044f\u043d\u0456\u043d\u0430 (1988).<\/p>

    6. \u201c\u2026 becomes a sort of ideogram or allegory, as individual and circumstantial traits take second place. The person photographed is placed in a setting which is primarily chosen for its high symbolic yield (although it can also and incidentally have an intrinsic aesthetic value) and which is treated as a sign\u201d (Bourdieu, Pierre. Photography: A Middle-brow Art. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996, 36).<\/p>

    7. Pavlova, Tatiana. \u201cAvanguard red and green. From \u2018Blow theory\u2019 to \u2018Kontact\u2019 \u201d. VASA Journal on Images and Culture. http:\/\/www.vasa-project.com\/gallery\/ukraine-2\/tatiana-2-essay.php\/<\/a>.<\/p>

    8. \u0412\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0441, \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447. \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f\u201d. \u0413\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438: \u043c\u0438\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044e\u0441: \u0418\u0437\u0434-\u0432\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044e\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d-\u0442\u0430, 2015 198-210.<\/p>

    9. Ibid., 205.<\/p>

    10. \u041f\u0440\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u201c\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\u201d: \u201c\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438. \u0421 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u201c\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438\u201d, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u0445, \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u201d [\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u0437\u043d\u0456\u043c\u043a\u0438. \u0417 \u0449\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0457\u0432\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e\u044e, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u201c\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457\u201d, \u0432\u0456\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456] (\u0421\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439. \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u201d. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u2116 9 (1989), 30).<\/p>

    11. \u201c\u2026 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435\u201d (\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439. \u201c \u201c\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f?\u201d: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u201d. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u2116 9 (1989), 33).<\/p>

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_margin=\"||30px||false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px||10px\" border_width_top=\"1px\" border_color_top=\"#d8d8d8\" border_width_bottom=\"1px\" border_color_bottom=\"#d8d8d8\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"3.0.47\" custom_padding=\"|||\" custom_css_main_element=\"margin: auto;\" custom_padding__hover=\"|||\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" _dynamic_attributes=\"content\" link_font_size=\"14px\" text_orientation=\"center\"]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90YWdzIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJsaW5rX3RvX3Rlcm1fcGFnZSI6Im9uIiwic2VwYXJhdG9yIjoiIHwgIiwiY2F0ZWdvcnlfdHlwZSI6InBvc3RfdGFnIn19@[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" max_width=\"70%\" max_width_tablet=\"100%\" max_width_phone=\"100%\" max_width_last_edited=\"on|phone\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"||||false|false\" custom_padding=\"0||0||false|false\" saved_tabs=\"all\"][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" custom_padding=\"||0px||false|false\" border_width_bottom=\"1px\" border_color_bottom=\"#d3d3d3\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.4.3\"][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.4.3\" header_4_font=\"Open Sans|700|||||||\" header_4_font_size=\"22px\"]<\/p>

    \u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436:<\/h4>

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